The philosophical understanding that apparent distinctions between subject and object, self and other, or Consciousness and matter arise from a singular, undifferentiated reality. Unlike Monism, which posits everything as one substance, non-dualism (Sanskrit: advaita, meaning “not-two”) suggests that while diversity appears in experience, these appearances emerge from and remain within an indivisible wholeness - like waves arising from and returning to the ocean while never being separate from it.
The tradition finds its most systematic expression in Advaita Vedanta, where the relationship between Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (individual consciousness) exemplifies this paradox: they are neither identical nor different, but rather represent the same reality viewed from different vantage points. This perspective resonates across traditions - from the Sufi concept of Wahdat al-Wujud (Unity of Existence) to Zen Buddhism’s teachings on original nature, from Neoplatonism’s vision of emanation from The One to Meister Eckhart’s Godhead beyond God. Each points toward the recognition that separation itself is a conceptual overlay upon seamless experience.
At its practical core, non-dualism challenges the fundamental assumption underlying the Story of Separation - that observer and observed exist as independent entities. While Prakriti (matter/nature) and Purusha (consciousness/spirit) appear distinct in everyday experience, non-dual philosophy suggests this division emerges from consciousness examining itself, creating the illusion of duality through the very act of observation. The experiential dissolution of this apparent boundary - whether called fana, moksha, satori, or unio mystica - constitutes the goal of countless contemplative traditions, suggesting that the Perennial Philosophy’s convergent testimony points toward genuine insight into the nature of reality.
See also maya, enlightenment, subject-object duality, nondual awareness, emptiness.